12/17/2023 0 Comments Parts of thebrainSubstantia nigra: This large mass of brain matter with pigmented nerve cells produces the neurotransmitter dopamine.The red nucleus is a mass of cells that aids in motor function. It aids in the control of autonomic and endocrine functions, as well as muscle reflexes and sleep and awake states. The reticular formation is a cluster of nerves within the brainstem that relay sensory and motor signals to and from the spinal cord and the brain. The tegmentum forms the base of the midbrain and includes the reticular formation and the red nucleus. Structures of the cerebral peduncle include the tegmentum and crus cerebri. Cerebral peduncle: The anterior portion of the midbrain consisting of large bundles of nerve fiber tracts that connect the forebrain to the hindbrain.The inferior colliculus processes auditory signals and relays them to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. The superior colliculus processes visual signals and relays them to the occipital lobes. These colliculi are rounded bulges that are involved in visual and auditory reflexes. Tectum: The dorsal portion of the midbrain that is composed of the superior and inferior colliculi.Other components of the midbrain include: The cerebral aqueduct, a canal that connects the third and fourth cerebral ventricles, is also located in the midbrain. These nerves control eye and eyelid movement. The oculomotor and trochlear cranial nerves are located in the midbrain. The midbrain regulates movement and aids in the processing of auditory and visual information. The brainstem connects the spinal cord with the cerebrum. The midbrain and hindbrain together compose the brainstem. The midbrain is the area of the brain that connects the forebrain to the hindbrain. The pineal gland converts nerve signals from the sympathetic component of the peripheral nervous system into hormone signals, thereby linking the nervous and endocrine systems. Production of this hormone is vital to the regulation of sleep-wake cycles and also influences sexual development. Pineal Gland: This small endocrine gland produces the hormone melatonin.As a component of the limbic system, the hypothalamus influences various emotional responses through its influence on the pituitary gland, skeletal muscular system, and autonomic nervous system. This endocrine structure secretes hormones that act on the pituitary gland to regulate biological processes including metabolism, growth, and the development of reproductive system organs. Hypothalamus: Acts as the control center for many autonomic functions including respiration, blood pressure, and body temperature regulation.The thalamus also plays a role in the control of sleep and wake cycles. Thalamus: A limbic system structure that connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord.It also plays a major role in sensory perception. The diencephalon regulates a number of functions including autonomic, endocrine, and motor functions. The diencephalon is the region of the brain that relays sensory information and connects components of the endocrine system with the nervous system. These lobes organize sensory input and aid in auditory perception, memory formation, and language and speech production. Temporal Lobes: Home of the limbic system structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus.Occipital Lobes: Responsible for receiving and processing visual information from the retina.These lobes also contain the somatosensory cortex, which is essential for processing touch sensations. Parietal Lobes: Responsible for receiving and processing sensory information.These lobes function in voluntary muscle movement, memory, thinking, decision-making, and planning. Frontal Lobes: The prefrontal cortex, premotor area, and motor area of the brain.Functions of the cerebral cortex include processing sensory information, controlling motor functions, and performing higher-order functions such as reasoning and problem-solving. The cerebral cortex contains folded bulges called gyri that create indentations in the brain. These lobes include the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, occipital lobes, and temporal lobes. The olfactory and optic cranial nerves are found in the forebrain, as well as the lateral and third cerebral ventricles.Ī major component of the telencephalon is the cerebral cortex, which is further divided into four lobes. The forebrain consists of two subdivisions called the telencephalon and diencephalon. It includes the cerebrum, which accounts for about two-thirds of the brain's mass and covers most other brain structures. The forebrain is by far the largest brain division.
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